特征：不给定任何背景或情境，直接下命令。

后果：所给出的答案不够精准

例子1：推荐几个关于[主题]的选题

例子1分析：不清楚是博士论文、硕士论文还是期刊论文或者课题申报，不清楚是开题阶段还是写作阶段。

例子2:关于双减政策的论文需要推荐参考文献

例子2分析：是选题阶段还是综述阶段，还是写作其他论文部分的阶段？

例子1:关于教育不公平领域的问题、现状与对策【选题过大】

例子1分析：选题过大，容易造成“面面俱到就是面面不到”的摊大饼结构，而好的研究问题是挖深井的模式。

例子2: 请针对乡村振兴中的孝文化写一个2000字左右的综述【任务不清】

例子2分析：是在什么场合下的文献综述没交代清楚，文献综述具体怎么写也没给提示。导致综述写成了简单介绍型，而不是主题分类型。

例子3:以家庭育儿的功能转移为论文题目，帮我写一篇10000字的学术论文【流程缺失】

例子3分析：写论文要遵循一定的步骤，首先确定选题，然后根据选题生成论文提纲，有了提纲并进行调试，达到自己的要求后，再分别撰写各部分。

例子1:请综述韦伯《新教伦理与资本主义精神》这本书的内容【错误理解综述的含义】

例子1分析：如果介绍一本书，应该使用书评等概念，而不应该使用综述。综述是一种专门针对已有研究进行综合和评价，分为单独的综述型文章以及一般性学术论文中的综述部分。

例子2:请简要介绍一篇论文【论文有现成的摘要，多此一举】

例子2分析：一篇论文的摘要已经清晰给出了研究问题、研究结论、研究方法、理论视角、研究背景和研究意义等。

例子1:请把米尔斯《社会学的想象力》这本书做成ppt

具体内容：具体的场景，主要界定不同的学术场景，例如正在撰写博士论文开题报告、正在撰写研究计划书、正在进行田野调查、正在准备硕士毕业论文答辩ppt、正在……

基本句式：

中文：我正在准备/进行/筹划/计划【要做的事情或正在做的事情】

英文：I’m preparing/doing/planning [something to do or be doing]

具体内容：明确说明你目前的身份，例如在读二年级博士生、什么专业、是否跨专业、国外还是国内……，同时界定和假设chatgpt的角色，例如你将扮演我的博士生导师、你将扮演答辩组成员、你将扮演专家推荐人

基本句式：

中文：我是一名【填入年级】【本科生/硕士生/博士生/访问学者】，来自【大学/研究所/其他组织机构】。你将扮演我的【导师/同学/访谈对象/审稿人/学术同行/学术合作者】

英文：I am an undergraduate/master/doctoral student/visiting scholar from a university/research institute/other organization. You will act as my [tutor/classmate/interview subject/reviewer/academic peer/academic collaborator]

具体内容：明确说明你想要实现的目标，例如，根据论文标题生成学术论文提纲、根据论文标题生成学术论文提纲生成学位论文提纲（本科、硕士、博士）、根据生活现象提炼学术概念和学术问题、改写一段文字规避查重、根据研究问题生成调查问卷或者访谈提纲、根据研究问题给出研究设计方案、根据个人情况完成个人申博陈述……

基本句式：

中文：我的目标是【动作：撰写、完成、进行、实施、设计、申请】【对象：开题报告、学位论文、学术论文、摘要、论文提纲、内容分析、问卷调查、案例研究、文献综述、寻找学术争议点、博士候选人、在国际学术会议发言】

英文：My goal is [Action: write, complete, carry out, implement, design, apply] [Object: proposal report, dissertation, academic paper, abstract, thesis outline, content analysis, questionnaire survey, case study, literature review, find academic controversy points, doctoral candidate, speak at international academic conference]

在实现目标的过程中的各种明确要求，例如，字数要求、提供可靠的参考文献、提供中英文答案、提供不同的输出格式（文字、表格、markdown等）

基本句式：

中文：

具体要求：

1. 字数不少于/不多于【】字。

2. 需提供可靠的参考文献，并在正文用（著者，出版年）格式进行标注。参考文献的条数不少于/不多于【】条。

3. 请以【文本/表格/markdown】的格式进行输出。

英文：

Specific instructions:

1.No less/no more than [] words.

2. Reliable references should be provided and annotated in the text in (author, year of publication) format. The number of references shall be no less than/no more than [].

3. Please output in the format of [text/table /markdow].

根据给出的答案的满意度进行调试，包括重新发问（每次也会有部分差异性的答案出现）、更换部分检索词、缩减重点关键词、中英文重复问。最关键的动作，就是不断调试。

将情境、角色、目标、条件、调试5个要素综合使用，以实现最符合期待的答案。可以根据研究当中遇到的各种情景编制综合模型所对应的提问模型。

通用prompt:

中文：我是一名二年级在读博士，我的专业是【填入相应的专业】，我的研究方向是【填入相应的方向】，我来自【大学/科研机构/其他机构】，你将扮演【我的导师、被访者、推荐教授】角色【设定角色】。我目前正在准备（计划、筹划、进行、开展）我的【开题、答辩、调研、论文写作、研究设计、访谈】，需要你的【指导、协助、建议】【设定场景】。我对【现象、主题、问题、议题、领域）】很感兴趣，你能告诉我【该领域有哪些【值得研究的议题/不同的观点和争议点/可能的研究空白】吗？【设定目标】要求：1. 请给定

举例:（学术论文写作场景）

中文：我是一名二年级在读博士，我的专业是社会学，我的研究方向是家庭社会学，我来自中国人民大学。你将扮演我的博士生导师角色。【设定角色】我目前正在准备撰写一篇学术论文，需要你的指导。我对家庭育儿领域很感兴趣，但是我还没有形成具体、明确的研究问题。我观察到在中国的城市家庭中，有一种现象，就是年轻的父母请自己的父母帮忙带娃，我想从这种现象入手来挖掘研究问题。【设定场景】请问应该用什么学术概念来界定这种现象？【设定目标】

在给出结果的同时，请给出你所依据的参考文献，参考文献需要有可靠来源（第一个版本）

在给出结果的同时，请在最后列出你所依据的参考文献，参考文献需要有可靠来源。（第二个版本）【设定条件】

英文：I am a sophomore studying for a PhD. My major is sociology, and my research direction is family sociology. I am from Renmin University of China. You will act as my doctoral advisor. 【 Roal setting 】I am currently preparing to write an academic paper and need your guidance. I am very interested in the field of family parenting, but I have not yet developed a specific, clear research question. I have observed that in urban families in China, there is a phenomenon that young parents ask their own parents to help take care of their children. I want to start from this phenomenon to explore the research problem. 【scene setting】What academic concept should be used to define this phenomenon? 【 Goal setting 】

Along with your results, provide the references you are based on, and the references need to be from reliable sources. 【 Set conditions 】（第一个版本）

Along with the results, please list the references you rely on at the end. References need to be from reliable sources. 【 Set conditions 】（第二个版本）

两种基本的写作思路：

第一种，如果你熟悉论文的组成部分，可以循循善诱根据每个部分写完后，自行组装（适合有一定写作水平，这样出来的论文质量更高）。

第二种，如果完全不懂论文写作套路，可在确定选题，给出提纲后，让它根据提纲完成各自部分。（弊端是很多细节部分质量会受到影响）。

我们今天演示第二种思路。

举例：以从现象开始进行选题为例

从现象到选题要经过六步：

假设一个真实的研究场景：我正在准备开题，对家庭中的育儿现象感兴趣，我通过前期的一些探索性研究，发现在育儿领域有两种现象，一种是年轻的父母邀请自己的父母来帮忙带娃，另一种是他们花钱从中介机构雇佣人来带娃。我希望能把这两种现象放在一起，试图去提炼一个研究问题。这个时候我们可以怎么办呢？

【请gpt帮忙，注意要分别发问，获取关键词】

第1次发问：使用英文

提问模板：I am a sophomore studying for a PhD. My major is sociology, and my research direction is family sociology. I am from Renmin University of China. You will act as my doctoral advisor. I am currently preparing to write an academic paper and need your guidance. I am very interested in the field of family parenting, but I have not yet developed a specific, clear research question. I have observed that in urban families in China, there is a phenomenon that young parents ask their own parents to help take care of their children. I want to start from this phenomenon to explore the research problem. What academic concept should be used to define this phenomenon? Along with the results, please list the references you rely on at the end. References need to be from reliable sources.

gpt给出的答案：

Dear student, Thank you for reaching out to me for guidance with your academic paper. It is great to learn that you have chosen family sociology as your research direction, and that you are interested in exploring the phenomenon of intergenerational caregiving in China. This topic is very relevant today, especially with the rising aging population, and is an important area of research. To define the phenomenon you observed, I suggest using the concept of “intergenerational caregiving.” Intergenerational caregiving refers to the support and care provided to older adults by their adult children or other family members, and can include instrumental support such as help with daily activities, as well as emotional support and financial assistance. In the case of young parents in urban China, they are seeking assistance from their own parents, which could be seen as a form of intergenerational caregiving. This phenomenon can have implications for the dynamic between the different generations, as well as for the family structure and relationships. To develop your research question, you could consider examining the following: 1. What motivates young parents to seek intergenerational caregiving in urban China? 2. What are the effects of intergenerational caregiving on family relationships and dynamics in urban China? 3. How does intergenerational caregiving impact the well-being of older adults and children in urban China? Some potential sources for your literature review on this topic could include: – Cheng, S.T. & Chan, A. C. (2006). Filial piety and psychological well-being in well older Chinese. Journal of Gerontology, 61B(5), P262-P269. – Higo, M., & Saito, T. (2017). Intergenerational coresidence and caregiver burden in China, Taiwan, and Japan. Journal of Aging and Health, 29(2), 374-395. – Liang, J., & Liu, X. (2016). Intergenerational time transfers and psychological well-being: A literature review. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 9, 102-107. – Yan, Y. (2013). The flow of gifts: Reciprocity and social networks in a Chinese village. Stanford University Press. I hope this helps you with your research. Feel free to reach out to me if you have any further questions. Best regards, [Your name]

答案分析：

第2次发问，用上面的问题重复问。

gpt给出的答案：

Dear student, It’s exciting to hear about your interest in family parenting and your desire to explore this phenomenon in urban Chinese families. Based on your description, it sounds like you are interested in investigating the practice of intergenerational support in caregiving. This concept refers to the exchange of support between different generations of family members, including the provision of care for children and elderly family members. To refine your research question, you may want to consider the following: – What factors contribute to the practice of intergenerational support in caregiving in urban Chinese families? – How do young parents and their parents negotiate the responsibilities and expectations around caregiving support? – What are the benefits and challenges of intergenerational support in caregiving for different family members? In terms of academic concepts, you may want to draw on the literature on intergenerational relations, family support, and caregiving. Some relevant references to get you started may include: – Silverstein, M., & Giarrusso, R. (2010). Aging and family life: A decade review. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(5), 1039-1058. – Feng, Z., & Jones, K. (2011). Urban and rural Chinese intergenerational support in the context of migration and modernization. In Y. Albert, W. Sung, M. Tatlow-Golden, & J. Turner (Eds.), Globalization, culture and society in Laos, Thailand and China (pp. 41-55). London: Palgrave Macmillan. – Zhang, Y., & Goza, F. W. (2006). Who will care for the elderly in China? A review of the problems caused by China’s one-child policy and their potential solutions. Journal of Aging Studies, 20(2), 151-164. I hope this helps you get started on your research. Don’t hesitate to reach out if you have further questions or would like additional guidance. Best, [Your Advisor]

结果分析：

第3次发问，使用同样意思的中文：

我是一名二年级在读博士，我的专业是社会学，我的研究方向是家庭社会学，我来自中国人民大学。你将扮演我的博士生导师角色。我目前正在准备撰写一篇学术论文，需要你的指导。【角色设定】我对家庭育儿领域很感兴趣，但是我还没有形成具体、明确的研究问题。我观察到在中国的城市家庭中，有一种现象，就是年轻的父母请自己的父母帮忙带娃，我想从这种现象入手来挖掘研究问题。【情境界定】请问应该用什么学术概念来界定这种现象？【目标设定】在给出结果的同时，请在最后列出你所依据的参考文献，参考文献需要有可靠来源。【具体要求】

gpt给出的答案：

这种现象可以被界定为“代际带娃”或者“代际育儿”，这是指年轻的父母将孩子交由他们的父母或祖父母照料，而不是请保姆或幼儿园来照顾孩子。这个现象在中国的城市家庭中非常普遍，很多研究者已经进行了广泛的调查和研究。 其中，著名家庭社会学家张思玮的研究表明，代际带娃的主要原因是现代家庭结构的转变，家庭成员角色的重组以及家庭关系的重构等。此外，中国家庭的价值观也起到了重要的影响作用。随着社会发展，代际带娃的数量不断增加，这种现象对家庭和家庭成员之间的关系、互动和沟通带来了许多影响。 参考文献： 张思玮，代际育儿与中国家庭社会学的发展，社会学研究，2010年，第5期。 任翠，代际带娃现象的研究，中国公共卫生，2013年，第9卷，第11期。 容胜彦，代际带娃现象的文化解读，中国社会科学，2011年，第6卷，第2期。

结果分析：

到这一阶段，确定了中英文关键词。

这部分，我有两个选择，一个是继续问另外一个现象，就是雇人育儿，重复上述步骤，找到这个现象的中英文关键词。另外一个，因为刚才在第一轮检索中，发现了我感兴趣的问题，我可能只从代际育儿领域深挖。我选择了第二种。

（实际上，经过了不下10次的重复发问，以及调试，找到了我自己最满意的答案版本）

I am a sophomore studying for a PhD. My major is sociology, and my research direction is family sociology. I am from Renmin University of China. You will act as my doctoral advisor. I am currently preparing to write an academic paper and need your guidance. In the previous literature review, I focused on the concept conflict of intergenerational parenting in the family. Please conduct an academic review on the concept of concept conflict of intergenerational parenting from an academic perspective. Requirements: First, please sort out the evolution history of conceptual connotation according to the time line and point out representative research; Second, after sorting out, please make a clear definition of the conflict of ideas in intergenerational parenting; Third, when giving the results, please list the references you rely on at the end, and the references need to be from reliable sources.

我是读博士的大二学生，专业是社会学，研究方向是家庭社会学。我来自中国人民大学，您将担任我的博士生导师。我目前正在准备写一篇学术论文，需要您的指导。在之前的文献综述中，我重点讨论了家庭中代际育儿的概念冲突。请从学术角度对代际育儿的概念冲突进行学术回顾。要求：第一，请按照时间线梳理概念内涵的演变历史，并指出有代表性的研究；第二，梳理完毕后，请对代际育儿中的观念冲突做出清晰的界定；第三，在给出结果时，请在最后列出自己依赖的参考文献，参考文献需要来源可靠。

ChatGPT给出的答案（目前为止最优解）

Dear student, Thank you for reaching out to me for guidance on your academic paper. As your doctoral advisor, I am more than happy to assist you in any way possible. Based on your request, I will conduct an academic review on the concept of conflict of intergenerational parenting from an academic perspective, in line with your research direction in family sociology. Evolution History and Representative Research The concept of conflict of intergenerational parenting has been well-researched in the field of family sociology for many decades. There is a wealth of literature on this topic, with significant work being done in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, and then continuing to the present day. A review of the evolution of this concept shows significant changes and refinement of its meaning in different historical periods. In the early 1970s, the concept of conflict of intergenerational parenting was first introduced by Bengtson and Kuypers, who proposed the concept of the intergenerational solidarity-conflict model. They defined conflict as a “forced choice” between parent/child relationships and individual desires, and they identified three types of conflict: value differences, role conflicts, and developmental tensions. In the 1980s, Bengtson and Schrader continued to refine the concept of conflict of intergenerational parenting, particularly emphasizing the differences between intergenerational support and conflict. They also focused on issues of gender and the interrelatedness of family roles. In the 1990s, scholars such as Fingerman, Pillemer, and Silverstein further developed the concept of conflict of intergenerational parenting, particularly focusing on how to manage conflicts effectively. They also explored the nature of conflicts in different types of families, such as divorced families and stepfamilies. Clear Definition of the Conflict of Ideas in Intergenerational Parenting The conflict of ideas in intergenerational parenting can be defined as a difference in values, beliefs, attitudes, or expectations between parents and their adult children, which may lead to tension, disagreement, or even estrangement. The conflict can arise from various factors, including differences in cultural, religious, or moral backgrounds, divergent career choices, parenting styles, or lifestyle preferences. Conflict of ideas in intergenerational parenting can be expressed in several ways, including verbal disagreement, physical estrangement, or emotional distancing. Conclusion In conclusion, the concept of conflict of intergenerational parenting has been widely discussed and explored in family sociology literature for several decades. The evolution of its meaning over time highlights the development of research in this field. Conflict of ideas in intergenerational parenting can be defined as a difference in values, beliefs, attitudes, or expectations between parents and their adult children, which may lead to tension, disagreement or even estrangement. When conducting research in this field, it is crucial to rely on reliable sources of information to obtain accurate and trustworthy findings. References: Bengtson, V. L., & Kuypers, J. A. (1971). Generational differences and the developmental stake. Aging and human development, 2(4), 249-260. Bengtson, V. L., & Schrader, S. S. (1982). Parent-child relations. Handbook of marriage and the family, 2, 397-438. Fingerman, K. L., Pillemer, K. A., & Silverstein, M. (1995). The baby boomers’ intergenerational relationships. The Gerontologist, 35(2), 172-178. Pillemer, K. A., & Suitor, J. J. (1992). Violence and violent feelings: What causes them among family members? Family Relations, 41(3), 239-245. Silverstein, M., Bengtson, V. L., & Christopherson, E. (1997). Does psychological well-being change with age? Longitudinal tests of age variations and further exploration of the multidimensional model. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 52B(6), P291-303.

相应的中文翻译：

亲爱的学生,

谢谢你找我指导你的学术论文。作为你的博士生导师，我非常乐意以任何可能的方式帮助你。根据您的要求，我将结合您在家庭社会学的研究方向，从学术角度对代际养育冲突的概念进行学术综述。

进化史与代表性研究

代际养育冲突的概念在家庭社会学领域已经研究了几十年。关于这个主题有大量的文献，在20世纪70年代、80年代和90年代进行了大量的工作，然后一直持续到今天。回顾这一概念的演变，可以发现其意义在不同历史时期发生了重大变化和完善。

20世纪70年代初，代际养育冲突的概念由Bengtson和Kuypers首次提出，他们提出了代际团结-冲突模型的概念。他们将冲突定义为父母/孩子关系和个人欲望之间的“被迫选择”，并确定了三种类型的冲突:价值观差异、角色冲突和发展紧张。

20世纪80年代，Bengtson和Schrader继续完善代际养育冲突的概念，特别强调代际支持和冲突之间的区别。他们还集中讨论了性别问题和家庭角色的相互关系。

20世纪90年代，Fingerman、Pillemer、Silverstein等学者进一步发展了代际养育冲突的概念，尤其关注如何有效地管理冲突。他们还探讨了不同类型家庭冲突的本质，比如离婚家庭和再婚家庭。

明确界定代际育儿中的观念冲突

代际育儿中的观念冲突可以定义为父母和成年子女之间在价值观、信仰、态度或期望上的差异，这可能导致紧张、分歧，甚至疏远。冲突可以由多种因素引起，包括文化、宗教或道德背景的差异、不同的职业选择、养育方式或生活方式偏好。代际育儿中的观念冲突可以通过几种方式来表达，包括语言上的分歧、身体上的隔阂或情感上的疏远。

结论

综上所述，代际养育冲突的概念已经在家庭社会学文献中被广泛讨论和探索了几十年。其含义随时间的演变突出了这一领域研究的发展。代际育儿中的观念冲突可以定义为父母和成年子女之间在价值观、信仰、态度或期望上的差异，这可能导致紧张、分歧甚至隔阂。在这一领域进行研究时，依赖可靠的信息来源以获得准确和值得信赖的结果是至关重要的。

答案分析：

发问：

I am a sophomore studying for a PhD. My major is sociology, and my research direction is family sociology. I am from Renmin University of China. You will act as my doctoral advisor. I am currently preparing to write an academic paper and need your guidance. I am very interested in intergenerational parenting in Chinese families. What are the issues worth researching in this field? Could you recommend some to me? Along with the results, please list the references you rely on at the end. References need to be from reliable sources.

gpt给出的答案：

As your doctoral advisor, I would be happy to help guide your research on intergenerational parenting in Chinese families. This is an important field of study, and there are many potential avenues for research. Firstly, you could investigate how the changing economic, political, and cultural landscape in China has affected intergenerational parenting practices. For instance, compared to earlier generations, many younger Chinese parents today are only children and have grown up with different expectations and experiences than their parents and grandparents. How has this impacted their approach to parenting, particularly in relation to the involvement of grandparents in childcare and education? Another interesting topic would be to explore the impact of migration on intergenerational parenting. Many parents in China today travel to work in other cities or even countries, leaving grandparents to take on a significant role in raising their children. How does this change family dynamics and parenting practices? What are the opportunities and challenges of this form of intergenerational parenting? Finally, you could examine the impact of traditional filial piety norms on intergenerational parenting. In traditional Chinese culture, respect for elders and fulfillments of filial duties are highly valued. However, the younger generation may be pushing back against these expectations as they pursue individualism and autonomy. How do these cultural expectations influence parenting practices, and how are they changing in modern China? Recommended references: 1. Meers, J. (2014). Filial piety, educational investments, and intergenerational support in China. Social Science Research, 46, 1–15. 2. Gao, X. (2018). Grandparent caregiving and intergenerational relationships in rural China: The role of migration. Journal of Marriage and Family, 80(2), 355–368. 3. Li, J. (2017). Parenting matters: Intergenerational parenting and grandparent-grandchild relationships in China. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 15(1), 8–22. 4. Zhou, Y., & Silverstein, M. (2016). Intergenerational support and parenting behavior in rural China: A longitudinal study. Journal of Marriage and Family, 78(3), 638–652.

答案分析：

发问，调整提示词继续问。

I am a sophomore studying for a PhD. My major is sociology, and my research direction is family sociology. I am from Renmin University of China. You will act as my doctoral advisor. I am currently preparing to write an academic paper and need your guidance. I am very interested in intergenerational care in China. What are the controversial points in the research in this field? What research questions can be extracted from these points of contention? Along with the results, please list the references you rely on at the end. References need to be from reliable sources.

gpt给的答案：

Dear student, It’s great to hear that you’re interested in researching intergenerational care in China. As your doctoral advisor, I’d be happy to provide guidance on controversial points in this field and suggest some research questions. Here are some ideas to get you started: 1. Controversial Points One controversial point in the research on intergenerational care in China is the tension between traditional Confucian values and modern socioeconomic changes. Confucianism emphasizes filial piety and respect for elders, which historically meant that adult children took care of their aging parents. However, as urbanization, migration, and work demands increase, more families are turning to nursing homes and outside caregivers. This shift challenges longstanding beliefs about family duty and raises questions about the adequacy of institutional care. Another controversial point is the potential impact of intergenerational care on women’s participation in the labor force. In many cases, daughters or daughters-in-law are responsible for elder care, which can limit their ability to pursue education or employment. Some scholars argue that policies and practices that support intergenerational care could perpetuate gender inequality, while others suggest that more comprehensive social welfare systems could help relieve the burden on women. 2. Research Questions Based on these points of contention, some possible research questions to explore could include: – How do families negotiate intergenerational care responsibilities in the context of changing norms and socioeconomic pressures? – To what extent does gender play a role in intergenerational care arrangements, and what are the implications for women’s labor force participation? – What are the experiences of older individuals who receive care from family members versus institutional settings, and how do these experiences vary across different socioeconomic backgrounds? – How do cultural values and policies surrounding intergenerational care in China compare to those in other countries, and what lessons can be learned from cross-national comparisons? 3. References Here are some suggested sources to consult for further reading: – Chen, F., Liu, G., & Mair, C. A. (2011). Intergenerational ties in context: Grandparents caring for grandchildren in China. Social Forces, 90(2), 571-594. – Han, S. (2013). Fostering or weakening filial piety? The implications of elder care for the Chinese family system. Journal of Aging Studies, 27(4), 412-420. – Huang, Y. (2014). Intergenerational relationships and eldercare in rural China. Journal of Family Issues, 35(11), 1490-1509. – Jia, X., & Wang, D. (2015). Balancing work and care in urban China: Unpacking the challenges of eldercare. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 41(8), 1326-1344. – Li, Y., & Wu, X. (2019). Family eldercare in contemporary China: Policy and practice. Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 31(2), 155-169. I hope these suggestions are helpful as you continue your research. Best of luck with your paper! Sincerely, [Your name]

答案分析：

第六次发问，用中文提问

我是一名二年级在读博士，我的专业是社会学，我的研究方向是家庭社会学，我来自中国人民大学。你将扮演我的博士生导师角色。我目前正在准备撰写一篇学术论文，需要你的指导。【角色设定】我对家庭育儿领域很感兴趣，但是我还没有形成具体、明确的研究问题。我对中国城市家庭中的代际抚育比较感兴趣，【设定情境】请问这一领域目前有哪些争议？针对这些争议可以提炼什么样的研究问题？在给出结果的同时，请在最后列出你所依据的参考文献，参考文献需要有可靠来源。

GPT给出的答案：

你的兴趣点非常好，代际抚育是当前中国城市家庭中的热点问题之一。在该领域中，存在几个争议点： 1.抚养时间 代际抚育指的是由老年人承担起照顾、带养孙辈的责任。在这个过程中，老年人需要与其他生活、工作等活动相协调。因此，抚养时间成为了重要议题。一些研究指出，中国老年人承担的照顾孙辈的时间过长，影响了他们的健康和生活满足度。但是，另一些研究则认为，代际抚育可以增进家庭内部的凝聚力和平衡，特别是当父母在照顾孩子上面临困境时。 2.家庭边界 另一个争议是代际抚养如何影响家庭内部与家庭外部的边界，尤其是在中国城市，代际抚养通常涉及跨代别和性别的关系。在一些情况下，代际抚养建立了家庭内部的协调和秩序。但在另一些情况下，代际抚养被视为对传统性别角色和家庭关系的评估，并带来了另一些问题，例如义务感和不对称的关系。 3.老年人受益与风险 最后一个争议点是代际抚养对老年人所带来的影响。一方面，代际抚育潜在地弥补了现代化技术和经济发展对老年人提供服务的不足。另一方面，老年人在承担代际抚育责任时，可能面临着时间和健康方面的压力，甚至是精神和心理上的问题。 以上争议点可以引发一系列问题： 1.在代际抚育中，何时以及如何平衡老年人的个人需求和家庭责任？ 2.代际抚育对于城市家庭内部边界的重构和重建有什么新的解释？ 3.代际抚育如何在老年人的社交、身份认同和社会威望方面产生影响？ 4.代际抚育的经济成本，在谁是受益者和谁是付出者方面不同，这将如何影响长久的代际关系？ 参考文献： 1. Arber, S. (2007). Grandparents and grandchildren in the United Kingdom-a changing relationship? International Journal of Ageing and Later Life, 2(2), 89-114. 2. Chan, C. N., & Lee, J. W. (2017). The wellbeing of grandparent caregivers of grandchildren with autism spectrum disorder in Hong Kong. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(11), 3502-3511. 3. Hui, E. K. P., & Yeung, W. J. (2010). Caregiving and psychological well-being among grandparents in Hong Kong. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 8(2), 126-141. 4. Silverstein, M., & Bengtson, V. L. (1994). Do close parent-child relations reduce the mortality risk of older parents? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 35-47. 5. Wu, X., Li, X., & Stanton, B. (2005). Grandparents and AIDS orphans in rural China: The role of material support. AIDS Care, 17(6), 744-757.

答案分析：

走到这一步，应该怎么办？我需要联系我的田野观察和反思。就是在代际育儿中，经常会出现的观念冲突，为什么会出现这种观念冲突呢？出现后又如何协调呢？这里面和前面推荐的协商、家庭边界的问题都相关。所以，我可以提炼一个研究问题，我的因变量可以确定为代际育儿中的观念冲突，但是自变量是什么呢？

此时，我可以有两个思路，第一，询问有哪些因素可能影响观念冲突？【主要看看已有研究从哪些角度进行解释，确立竞争性假说，they say】第二，寻找理论视角，去找可能的假说。【从更广泛的理论视野出发，寻找并形成自己需要论证的假说,I say】

发问：先尝试第一条路径

I am a sophomore studying for a PhD. My major is sociology, and my research direction is family sociology. I am from Renmin University of China. You will act as my doctoral advisor. I am currently preparing to write an academic paper and need your guidance. In the previous literature review, I focused on the conflict of ideas in intergenerational parenting in Chinese families. I would like to ask you what possible factors affect this conflict of ideas?Along with the results, please list the references you rely on at the end. References need to be from reliable sources.

GPT给出的答案：

Dear student, I’d be happy to assist you as your doctoral advisor. Regarding your research question, the conflict of ideas in intergenerational parenting in Chinese families is a complex topic influenced by various factors. Some possible factors that may contribute to this conflict include: 1. Traditional vs. modern values: China is going through a rapid modernization process, and this has led to a clash between traditional values and modern ideals. The older generation often upholds traditional values such as obedience, respect for elders, and adherence to cultural norms, while the younger generation may question these values and desire greater autonomy. 2. Education level: The educational background of both generations can have an impact on their parenting style and values. An educated younger generation is more likely to have different views on child-rearing practices from their less educated parents. 3. Social and economic change: The pace of change in China has led to different opportunities and lifestyles for various segments of society. This can lead to differing expectations on both sides and potentially cause misunderstandings and conflicts. 4. Gender roles: In Chinese families, there are often clear gender roles with fathers seen as the primary earners and mothers as the primary caregiver. However, the younger generation may view these roles differently and desire a more equitable sharing of responsibilities. 5. Urban vs. rural origins: Conflict can arise between generations due to differences in upbringing and exposure to different cultures and lifestyles. Those from rural areas may hold more traditional beliefs and may struggle with the more modern views of their urban counterparts. Some references that you may find useful include: – Jing Guo, Qiong Wu, Keli Yang, and Xiaomin Liu (2012) “Inter-generational Differences in Conflicts over Child Care in Chinese Families”, Journal of Comparative Family Studies, Vol. 43, No. 6, pp. 825-842. – Qian Wu and Yunzhu Zhang (2016) “Intergenerational Value Conflicts and Youth’s Attitudes Toward Filial Piety and Parenting in China”, Journal of Adolescent Research, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 146-176. – Chang-Boon Patrick Lee and Leslie K. Wang (2012) “Inter-Generational Differences: A Study of Parent-Child Relationships in Urban China”, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Vol. 32, No. 9/10, pp. 556-569. – Emily Hannum and Jere R. Behrman (2002) “Who Gets Ahead in Rural China? Effects of Parents’ Aspirations, Human Capital, and Family Resources”, Developmental Psychology, Vol. 38, No. 5, pp. 657-658. I hope this helps guide you in your research, and I look forward to seeing your completed academic paper. Let me know if you have any further questions or concerns. Best, [Advisor’s Name]

答案分析：

第八次发问，试试中文

我是一名二年级在读博士，我的专业是社会学，我的研究方向是家庭社会学，我来自中国人民大学。你将扮演我的博士生导师角色。我目前正在准备撰写一篇学术论文，需要你的指导。在此前的文献梳理中，我聚焦到中国家庭中代际育儿中的观念冲突，想请教您有哪些可能的因素在影响这种观念冲突？

GPT给出的答案

很高兴听到你的研究方向是家庭社会学，并且你正在关注中国家庭中代际育儿中的观念冲突。这是一个非常重要的主题，在我们的社会中越来越受到关注。现在，让我们来探讨一下可能影响这种观念冲突的因素。 首先，社会文化因素是影响代际育儿观念冲突的重要因素。中国是一个拥有悠久历史和传统文化的国家，许多家庭观念和习惯都因此深受影响。例如，中国重视家庭的传统观念，强调家庭的连续性和传承性，父母希望子女能够延续自己的价值观和生活方式。而随着时代的变迁和社会的快速发展，年轻一代的家庭观念和生活方式与过去的传统有所不同，更注重个性和自主性。这种文化差异很容易导致代际育儿观念上的冲突。 其次，经济发展水平也是影响代际育儿观念冲突的因素之一。随着改革开放的不断深入，中国的经济发展一直处于高速增长的状态。然而，这种快速的经济增长伴随着社会结构的变化和家庭结构的多样化，这就会导致代际育儿观念上的不同。例如，父母在经济条件允许的情况下，更愿意为子女提供优质的教育和生活条件，而年轻一代更注重亲子关系的质量，更注重教育的多样性。 第三，社会政策和制度也是影响代际育儿观念冲突的重要因素。政策的导向和制度的设立对于家庭观念的形成和传承都有直接的作用。例如，在一些发达国家，政府将养老金与子女教育形成了一种互惠关系，鼓励老人赡养子孙，同时子女也需要照顾老人。而在中国，社会养老保险和医疗保障的制度还比较薄弱，这就需要更多的家庭关注老人的养老问题。 总之，家庭社会学中代际育儿观念冲突是一个非常重要的话题，在中国的发展进程中也具有广泛的研究价值。在研究这一问题时，需要关注社会文化、经济发展水平以及社会政策和制度等因素的影响。希望这些思路对你的研究有所帮助。

2-3条竞争性假说，说明他们存在漏洞，解释不足。

因为此时还没有形成一个明确的研究问题，只是找到了核心因变量。如果想从影响因素角度来研究是什么在影响代际冲突，以及代际冲突的化解机制。那就需要提出一个相应的假说。这个假说需要基于一定的视角。

问题：我是一名二年级在读博士，专业是社会学，研究方向是家庭社会学。我来自中国人民大学，您将担任我的博士生导师。我目前正在准备写一篇学术论文，需要您的指导。在之前的文献综述中，我重点讨论了家庭中代际育儿的观念冲突。请问有哪些社会学理论可能有助于解释这种现象？

已有理论——视角——形成自己的理论框架

答案：关于家庭中代际育儿观念冲突的解释有很多，以下是一些可能适用的社会学理论：

1. 社会角色理论：这种理论解释了为什么人在不同社会角色下会有不同的期望和行为方式。在家庭中，不同代际之间存在不同的社会角色和期望，可能导致冲突。

2. 社会化理论：这种理论关注个体如何通过社会学习获得文化和价值观。在家庭中，父母教育孩子时可能会传递不同的文化和价值观，因此代际育儿观念冲突可能源于不同的社会化经验。

3. 文化资本理论：这种理论指出，家庭中的文化资本可能会形成不同的代际差异。家庭背景和教育水平等因素可能影响某些代际在社会文化资本方面的优势和劣势，进而影响相应代际的育儿观念。

4. 社会交换理论：这种理论关注人们如何为了实现自己的利益而进行交换。在家庭中，代际之间可能会进行相互交换，例如父母照顾孙子孙女的同时，可能会对子女提出一些期望，当代际之间的需求和要求不能满足时，可能会导致代际育儿观念的冲突。

6.社会认同理论：这种理论认为人们的社会认同和归属感是由社会和文化环境塑造的。家庭是一个重要的社会环境，家庭成员的社会认同和价值观可能会受到家庭文化的影响，而不同代际之间的认同和价值观可能不同，从而导致育儿观念的冲突。

7.社会冲突理论：这种理论认为社会是由不同的利益集团组成的，而不同的利益集团之间存在着利益冲突。在家庭中，不同代际之间可能会因为收入、权力和地位等方面的利益分配不公而产生代际育儿观念冲突。

问：我是一名二年级在读博士，专业是社会学，研究方向是家庭社会学。我来自中国人民大学，您将担任我的博士生导师。我目前正在准备写一篇学术论文，需要您的指导。在之前的文献综述中，我重点讨论了家庭中代际育儿的观念冲突。请问从结构功能主义角度如何解释上述现象？

答：

从结构功能主义角度看，家庭被视为一个社会系统，其中家庭成员各自扮演着特定的角色和职责，这些角色和职责的组合形成了家庭的结构和功能。代际育儿观念冲突可以通过结构功能主义的视角来解释。

首先，结构功能主义认为家庭是一个社会系统，系统中的各部分相互依存，相互制约。因此，在家庭中，不同代际成员的角色和职责之间存在着相互支持和制约的关系，如父母负责抚养子女，之后子女长大成人之后在照料老年亲属等。对于代际育儿观念冲突，结构功能主义认为可能是由于代际成员之间的角色和职责分配存在重复或重叠等问题，导致代际冲突的出现，从而影响家庭系统的正常运转。

其次，结构功能主义认为家庭中不同成员的角色和职责是固定的，这出于家庭系统的需要和安排。在代际育儿观念冲突中，家庭成员可能因为个人信仰、文化传承和生活经验等因素而存在不同的代际育儿观念，因此代际间在育儿方面的职责分配也会面临相对应的调整与重塑，这对于家庭的结构与功能的发展变化产生影响。

最后，结构功能主义认为家庭系统中的各部分之间的相互作用与互动受到各种因素的影响。家庭成员之间的互动、价值观的传承与个人信仰的发展等等会影响到家庭结构与功能的发展，并且会引发家庭成员之间的代际冲突，尤其是在当家庭结构遇到特殊动荡的时候，这种冲突可能会愈发于严重。

综上所述，从结构功能主义的角度看，代际育儿观念冲突是家庭结构和功能变化过程中的一种常态性现象，代际育儿观念的不同会对家庭的正常运转产生影响，同时调整代际育儿分工也是家庭系统中的一个重要方面。

问：我是一名二年级在读博士，专业是社会学，研究方向是家庭社会学。我来自中国人民大学，您将担任我的博士生导师。我目前正在准备写一篇学术论文，需要您的指导。在之前的文献综述中，我重点讨论了家庭中代际育儿的观念冲突。请问从代际育儿分工角度如何解释上述现象？

答：

尊敬的博士生，很高兴成为您的导师。关于代际育儿观念冲突的问题，从分工角度考虑，这种冲突主要来源于代际间的价值观和角色分配的不同。传统上，父母扮演家庭中经济支柱和决策者的角色，而祖父母则在家庭生活中承担更多的照顾和教育孙辈的责任。然而，随着社会的发展，这种传统分工正在发生变化。现代化进程中，经济独立和社会地位改变了家庭成员的角色和责任，同时也引发了代际观念的转变。

在这种情况下，父母和祖父母之间的代际育儿观念冲突可能是由于代际间不同的期望和角色分配不当所导致的。例如，祖父母可能认为他们应该有更多的决策权和指导权，而父母则可能认为他们有更多的责任和义务，应该对孩子有更多的决策权和指导权。在这种情况下，代际育儿分工的重新分配可以缓解代际冲突。通过对不同代际成员的责任和义务进行重新分配，我们可以更好地解决代际育儿观念冲突，促进家庭成员之间的理解和合作。

当然，代际育儿观念冲突也可能是由于家庭成员的个人差异而引起的。例如，不同代际间的文化价值观念、性格特点、教育背景等因素都可能影响代际成员的育儿观念和行为，从而导致代际育儿观念冲突。因此，家庭成员之间应该保持沟通和理解，建立一个和谐的家庭环境，从而有助于减轻代际育儿观念冲突。

最终，我确定从功能角度来解释代际冲突，基本设想是家庭育儿中有两种基本功能，分别是价值性功能和工具性功能，其中价值性功能包括知识学习和教育、生活方式和健康、角色培育和学习；工具性功能包括生活起居照顾、通勤接送等。我提出的假说是年轻父母在面临生活压力无法发挥两个功能时，需要请求父母的帮助，但是希望父母发挥的仅仅是工具性功能，而非价值性功能。但是父母在帮助自己的孩子抚育孩子的时候，不自觉的试图发挥两种功能。造成代际抚育冲突的主要原因是两代人在价值性功能超越行动者认知边界的时候而导致。

因此，我提出的论文标题是《抚育功能分化与代际抚育中的观念冲突》。

英文标题为Differentiation of parenting function and conflict of ideas in intergenerational parenting

我们还可以请它对选题质量进行评估。

Please evaluate the quality of the title of the following academic paper, with 1 being the worst and 10 being the best, and explain why. The title of the paper is as follows:Differentiation of parenting function and conflict of ideas in intergenerational parenting

gpt给出的答案：

I would evaluate the quality of the title of the academic paper as a 7. The title provides a clear indication of what the paper is about, describing the differentiation of parenting function and conflict of ideas in intergenerational parenting. However, it could be improved to be more concise and memorable. One potential suggestion for improvement would be to shorten the title and make it more specific. For instance, “Intergenerational Parenting Conflicts: Examining Differentiation of Parenting Roles” could be a stronger title that captures the essence of the paper in a briefer and more impactful way.

我用他给出的英文标题建议再一次请它评估

Please evaluate the quality of the title of the following academic paper, with 1 being the worst and 10 being the best, and explain why. The title of the paper is as follows:Intergenerational Parenting Conflicts: Examining Differentiation of Parenting Roles

gpt给出的答案

I would give this title an 8. The title effectively conveys the topic of the paper, which is intergenerational conflicts that arise from different parenting roles. The use of the word “examining” implies a research-based approach, which is appropriate for an academic paper. However, the title could be improved by including more specific details about what the differentiation of parenting roles entails. This would provide more context for readers and make the title more informative. Despite this small room for improvement, the title is still clear and concise, making it an effective title for an academic paper.

至此，我们调整英文标题，保留中文标题：

中文：抚育功能分化与代际抚育中的观念冲突

英文：Intergenerational Parenting Conflicts: Examining Differentiation of Parenting Roles

这里需要注意，按照标题的要素构成，我还可以增加理论视角或者研究方法。例如，可以改进为

中文：抚育功能分化与代际抚育中的观念冲突——基于30个中国家庭的扎根理论研究

Intergenerational Parenting Conflicts: Examining Differentiation of Parenting Roles：Grounded theory study based on 30 Chinese families.

还可以再一次请它进行选题质量评估

问：Please evaluate the quality of the title of the following academic paper, with 1 being the worst and 10 being the best, and explain why. The title of the paper is as follows: Intergenerational Parenting Conflicts: Examining Differentiation of Parenting Roles：Grounded theory study based on 30 Chinese families

答：I’ll give it an 8. The title is clear and concise, describing the main topic of the paper, which is about intergenerational conflicts related to parenting roles within Chinese families. The addition of “examining differentiation of parenting roles” provides more specific information about the study’s focus. The use of “grounded theory study” also adds to the clarity of the research approach. The only minor criticism is that the title could be more creative or attention-grabbing, but for an academic paper, the straightforwardness is appropriate.

当然，你还可以等全部论文写完再进行润色。例如中文可能的标题

《“帮忙不添乱”：代际抚育中的功能分化与观念冲突——基于30个家庭的扎根理论研究》（这里需要注意语境，如果投稿中文刊物，不需要加中国，如果投稿英文刊物，需要加Chinese）

根据标题生成提纲：

问：我是一名二年级在读博士，我的专业是社会学，我的研究方向是家庭社会学，我来自中国人民大学。我正在撰写一篇学术论文，经过与我的导师的沟通及查阅文献，我确定的论文题目是《代际抚育中的功能分化与观念冲突》。请根据通行的学术论文写作规范帮我列出论文提纲。

答：I. Introduction A. Background and context B. Research problem and questions C. Significance and purpose II. Literature Review A. Current state of research on intergenerational caregiving B. Theoretical frameworks and concepts C. Empirical studies on functional differentiation and ideological conflicts in intergenerational caregiving III. Method A. Research design and setting B. Sample and data collection C. Data analysis and interpretation IV. Results A. Overview of the intergenerational caregiving practices B. Identification of the functional differentiation of caregiving roles C. Analysis of the observed ideological conflicts in intergenerational caregiving practices V. Discussion A. Summary of key findings B. Interpretation of the results C. Comparison with the existing literature D. Implications for social policy and practice VI. Conclusion A. Summary of the research question and findings B. Limitations and future directions C. Final recommendations for research and practice VII. References A. List of the sources cited in text B. Bibliography VIII. Appendices A. Supplemental data and statistical analyses B. Transcripts of interviews C. Research instruments used in the study.

英文再问一次：

I am a sophomore studying for a PhD. My major is sociology, and my research direction is family sociology. I am from Renmin University of China. I am writing an academic paper. After communication with my supervisor and literature review, I have determined the title of the paper is “Intergenerational Parenting Conflicts: Examining Differentiation of Parenting Roles”. Please help me outline my thesis according to the prevailing academic paper writing norms.

答：Sure, here’s an outline you can use: I. Introduction – Background and significance of the research topic – Research question and objectives – Literature review – Thesis statement II. Theoretical Framework – A review of relevant theories and concepts related to intergenerational parenting conflicts and differentiation of parenting roles – Explanation of how these theories and concepts will be used to frame the study III. Methodology – Research design and approach – Data collection methods (e.g., survey, interviews, observation) – Sampling strategy and sample size – Data analysis techniques IV. Results – Quantitative and/or qualitative analysis of the data – Findings related to intergenerational parenting conflicts and differentiation of parenting roles V. Discussion – Interpretation of the results and implications for family sociology – Comparison of the findings with previous research – Limitations of the study and suggestions for future research VI. Conclusion – Summary of the main points – Contribution to the field of family sociology – Suggestions for policy and practice VII. References – List of sources cited throughout the paper Note: This is a general outline and you should consult your advisor and/or your department’s specific guidelines for formatting and structuring your paper. Good luck with your research!

注意：拿到提纲后一定不要马上开始往后写，要根据具体的写作语境进行调整。

这一步不展示了，这属于让GPT写作的另外一种思路。

问：I am a sophomore studying for a PhD. My major is sociology, and my research direction is family sociology. I am from Renmin University of China. I am writing an academic paper. After communication with my supervisor and literature review, I have determined that the title of the paper is “Intergenerational Parenting Conflicts: Examining Differentiation of Parenting Roles”. The following is the outline of the Introduction part of my paper, please complete it. Requirements: First, no less than 2000 words; Second, please mark the references in the corresponding position of the text in the format of (author, publication year); Third, please list the references you are relying on at the end. References need to be from reliable sources.

答：

A. Background and context As society and families change over time, parenting roles and expectations have also evolved. In many cultures, parents have traditionally played a dominant role in the upbringing and decision-making of their children. However, with the rise of individualism and changes in gender roles, a shift towards more equal parenting has emerged (Bianchi & Milkie, 2010). This shift has presented challenges for both generations in terms of adapting to new parenting roles and navigating intergenerational conflicts (Cherlin, 2010). B. Research problem and questions One of the most common types of intergenerational conflicts related to parenting is when parents interfere with their adult children’s parenting decisions (Birditt et al., 2015). This type of conflict can arise from conflicting values, beliefs, and preferences, leading parents and adult children to establish different parenting roles. Thus, the research problem explored in this paper is how intergenerational parenting conflicts arise from the differentiation of parenting roles between parents and adult children. We aim to answer the following research questions: – How do parents and adult children differentiate their parenting roles? – What types of conflicts emerge from these differentiated parenting roles? – How do different factors, such as cultural, social, and economic status, affect the occurrence of intergenerational parenting conflicts? C. Significance and purpose of the study This research is significant because parenting conflicts are becoming increasingly common, and they have profound effects on both parents and adult children. Moreover, the differentiation of parenting roles regarding different aspects of children’s lives, such as discipline, education, and career, could have significant implications for the family system’s functioning. Therefore, our primary purpose is to understand how intergenerational conflicts related to parenting roles arise and how they can be managed effectively in multi-generational family settings.

注意：同样要经历调试过程，包括多次发问，选择最优解，甚至分解组合。

只展示问题：

英文：

I am a sophomore studying for a PhD. My major is sociology, and my research direction is family sociology. I am from Renmin University of China. I am writing an academic paper. After communication with my supervisor and literature review, I have determined that the title of the paper is “Intergenerational Parenting Conflicts: Examining Differentiation of Parenting Roles”. Please complete the literature review. Requirements: First, please classify the causes of concept conflict in intergenerational parenting based on previous research, and point out that the existing research is insufficient; Second, no less than 2000 words; Third, please mark the references in the corresponding position of the text in the format of (author, publication year); Fourth, please list the references you rely on at the end. References need to be from reliable sources.

中文：

我是一名二年级在读博士，我的专业是社会学，我的研究方向是家庭社会学，我来自中国人民大学。我正在撰写一篇学术论文，经过与我的导师的沟通及查阅文献，我确定的论文题目是《代际抚育中的功能分化与观念冲突》，请撰写完成文献综述的部分。要求：第一，请对以往研究依据造成代际育儿中的观念冲突的原因进行分类，同时指出已有研究不足；第二，字数不少于2000字；第三，请在正文相应位置标注参考文献，格式为（著者，出版年）；第四，请在最后列出你所依据的参考文献，参考文献需要有可靠来源。

答：

Literature Review on Intergenerational Parenting Conflicts Intergenerational parenting conflicts refer to the disagreements or tensions that occur between parents and their adult children over parenting decisions and practices. These conflicts may arise due to differences in values, beliefs, expectations, and parenting styles between the two generations. Previous research has identified several causes of intergenerational parenting conflicts, which can be classified into three broad categories: cultural, generational, and individual factors. Cultural factors refer to the norms, values, and beliefs that are shared by members of a particular society or culture. Studies have shown that cultural differences between parents and their adult children can lead to conflicts over parenting decisions and practices (Chen, 2018; Lee & Ahn, 2016). For instance, immigrant parents may hold traditional cultural values that prioritize obedience, respect, and filial piety, while their adult children may adopt more individualistic and egalitarian values that emphasize autonomy, self-expression, and independence. Such cultural differences can lead to conflicts over issues such as discipline, education, and gender roles in parenting. Generational factors refer to the differences in experiences, attitudes, and expectations between parents and their adult children due to the historical and social contexts in which they grew up (Hoang & Vervoort, 2021; McHale et al., 2011). For instance, older generations may have experienced more authoritarian and directive parenting styles, while younger generations may have experienced more permissive and child-centered parenting styles. These differences can lead to conflicts over issues such as discipline, involvement, and decision-making in parenting. Individual factors refer to the personal characteristics, values, and beliefs of parents and their adult children that may influence their parenting decisions and practices (Chen & Kaplan, 2019; Fingerman et al., 2016). For instance, parents who have authoritarian or overprotective personality traits may clash with adult children who have more assertive or independent personality traits. Similarly, parents who prioritize achievement and success may disagree with adult children who prioritize work-life balance and emotional well-being. Despite the extensive research on intergenerational parenting conflicts, there are several limitations in the existing literature. First, most studies have focused on parent-child dyads rather than examining the perspectives of multiple family members, such as grandparents, siblings, and other relatives (Reczek & Umberson, 2016). This approach may overlook the complexity and diversity of intergenerational relationships and conflicts within families. Second, few studies have adopted a longitudinal or comparative design that can capture the changes and variations in intergenerational parenting conflicts over time and across cultures (Hoang & Vervoort, 2021). Third, there is a lack of consensus on the conceptualization and measurement of intergenerational parenting conflicts, which may hinder the comparability and generalizability of findings across studies (Chen, 2018). To address these limitations, future research on intergenerational parenting conflicts can adopt a family systems approach that considers the multiple perspectives and interactions among family members (Reczek & Umberson, 2016). Longitudinal and cross-cultural studies can also provide a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics and contexts of intergenerational conflicts in parenting. Finally, a consensus on the conceptualization and measurement of intergenerational parenting conflicts can enhance the validity and reliability of research findings and contribute to the development of effective interventions and policies that promote family communication and harmony. References Chen, X. (2018). Parent-child conflicts in immigrant families: Bridging cross-cultural gaps in values, rules, and expectations. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(5), 1549-1560. Chen, X., & Kaplan, H. B. (2019). Intergenerational value discrepancies and family conflict: A longitudinal study of Chinese American adolescents and their parents. Journal of Adolescence, 74, 152-162. Fingerman, K. L., Cheng, Y.-P., Wesselmann, E. D., Zarit, S., & Birditt, K. S. (2016). Parents’ problems, parent-child relationships, and adult children’s daily emotional experiences. Journal of Marriage and Family, 78(4), 1062-1075. Hoang, N., & Vervoort, M. (2021). Intergenerational conflicts in immigrant families: A systematic review. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 30(3), 484-497. Lee, J. Y., & Ahn, J.-A. (2016). Intergenerational differences in values and parenting: A random sample of Korean immigrant mothers with adolescent children. Journal of Social Service Research, 42(3), 281-295. McHale, S. M., Updegraff, K. A., & Shanahan, L. (2011). Parent-child relationships in adolescence. In R. M. Lerner, A. C. Peterson, & J. Brooks-Gunn (Eds.), Encyclopedia of adolescence (pp. 1987-1995). Springer. Reczek, C., & Umberson, D. (2016). Gender, health behavior, and intimate relationships: Lesbian, gay, and straight contexts. Springer.